Операции с одним кубитом в основном равны unit quaternions, но с дополнительным фазовым коэффициентом. Сходство объясняется тем, что Pauli matrices, раз sqrt(-1)
, удовлетворяют соотношению i^2=j^2=k^2=ijk=-1
, которое определяет кватернионы.
В результате, твердая часть метода преобразования уже позабочена любым кодом «кватернион по оси». Просто вытащите поэтапные компоненты кватернионов, определите фазовый множитель, затем примените метод кватерниона к оси.
import math
import cmath
def toBlochAngleAxis(matrix):
"""
Breaksdown a matrix U into axis, angle, and phase_angle components satisfying
U = exp(i phase_angle) (I cos(angle/2) - axis sigma i sin(angle/2))
:param matrix: The 2x2 unitary matrix U
:return: The breakdown (axis(x, y, z), angle, phase_angle)
"""
[[a, b], [c, d]] = matrix
# --- Part 1: convert to a quaternion ---
# Phased components of quaternion.
wp = (a + d)/2.0
xp = (b + c)/2.0j
yp = (b - c)/2.0
zp = (a - d)/2.0j
# Arbitrarily use largest value to determine the global phase factor.
phase = max([wp, xp, yp, zp], key=abs)
phase /= abs(phase)
# Cancel global phase factor, recovering quaternion components.
w = complex(wp/phase).real
x = complex(xp/phase).real
y = complex(yp/phase).real
z = complex(zp/phase).real
# --- Part 2: convert from quaternion to angle-axis ---
# Floating point error may have pushed w outside of [-1, +1]. Fix that.
w = min(max(w, -1), +1)
# Recover angle.
angle = -2*math.acos(w)
# Normalize axis.
n = math.sqrt(x*x + y*y + z*z);
if n < 0.000001:
# There's an axis singularity near angle=0.
# Just default to no rotation around the Z axis in this case.
angle = 0
x = 0
y = 0
z = 1
n = 1
x /= n
y /= n
z /= n
# --- Part 3: (optional) canonicalize ---
# Prefer angle in [-pi, pi]
if angle <= -math.pi:
angle += 2*math.pi
phase *= -1
# Prefer axes that point positive-ward.
if x + y + z < 0:
x *= -1
y *= -1
z *= -1
angle *= -1
phase_angle = cmath.polar(phase)[1]
return (x, y, z), angle, phase_angle
Тестирование это:
print(toBlochAngleAxis([[1, 0], [0, 1]])) # Identity
# ([0, 0, 1], 0, 0.0)
print(toBlochAngleAxis([[0, 1], [1, 0]])) # Pauli X, 180 deg around X
# ([1.0, -0.0, -0.0], 3.141592653589793, 1.5707963267948966)
print(toBlochAngleAxis([[0, -1j], [1j, 0]])) # Pauli Y, 180 deg around Y
# ([-0.0, 1.0, -0.0], 3.141592653589793, 1.5707963267948966)
print(toBlochAngleAxis([[1, 0], [0, -1]])) # Pauli Z, 180 deg around Z
# ([-0.0, -0.0, 1.0], 3.141592653589793, 1.5707963267948966)
s = math.sqrt(0.5)
print(toBlochAngleAxis([[s, s], [s, -s]])) # Hadamard, 180 deg around X+Z
# ([0.7071067811865476, -0.0, 0.7071067811865476], 3.141592653589793, 1.5707963267948966)
print(toBlochAngleAxis([[s, s*1j], [s*1j, s]])) # -90 deg X axis, no phase
# ((1.0, 0.0, 0.0), -1.5707963267948966, 0.0)